A Effectiveness and Comparison Between Land and Water Exercises as Treatment for Osteoporosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction: Osteoporosis is a pervasive global health issue characterized by low bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, and increased bone fragility. The International Osteoporosis Foundation estimates that over 200 million people worldwide are affected. Therefore, it is important to identify effective prevention and treatment strategies against osteoporosis, one of which is exercise. Currently, land-based and water-based exercises are implemented to improve osteoporosis. However, there is no meta-analysis comparing the effects of land-based and water-based exercise on osteoporosis improvement.
Objective: This study aims to compare the effectiveness between land-based and water-based exercises in osteoporosis management.
Method: This study followed the Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement guidelines, and literature searching was done on several databases, such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley, and Google Scholar up to 13 March 2023. The 10 selected studies were further assessed for risk of bias using Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0. Then a meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.4, which assessed the extracted data.
Results: Ten trials are included in the random effect meta-analysis of the efficacy of land-based exercise compared with water-based exercise. The results suggest that land-based exercise would decrease the odds of postmenopausal women experiencing osteoporosis (OR = 0.47, 95% CI; 0.23 to 0.96, p-value = 0.04). However, the subgroup meta-analysis of the four proxies that measure bone mineral density (BMD) after the intervention shows that, land-based exercise has no significant effect on the total BMD (SMD = 0.34, p-value = 0.20), femoral neck BMD (SMD = 0.29, p-value = 0.50), lumbar spine BMD (SMD = 0.06, p-value = 0.91), and total hip BMD (SMD = 0.01, p-value = 0.94) in comparison with water-based exercise.
Conclusion: Land-based exercises are better than water-based exercises for osteoporosis, but combinations with calcium and vitamin D supplements are recommended.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
© Journal of Asian Medical Students’ Association (JAMSA). Released under a Creative Commons license.
References
Epidemiology | International Osteoporosis Foundation [Internet]. [cited 2023 Apr 13]. Available from: https://www.osteoporosis.foundation/health-professionals/about-osteoporosis/epidemiology
Aveiro, M. C., Avila, M. A., Pereira-Baldon, V. S., Ceccatto Oliveira, A. S. B., Gramani-Say, K., Oishi, J., & Driusso, P. (2017). Water- versus land-based treatment for postural control in postmenopausal osteoporotic women: a randomized, controlled trial. Climacteric, 20(5), 427–435. doi:10.1080/13697137.2017.1325460
Murtezani, A., Nevzati, A., Ibraimi, Z., Sllamniku, S., Meka, V., & Abazi, N. (2014). The Effect of Land versus Aquatic Exercise Program on Bone Mineral Density and Physical Function in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis: a Randomized Controlled Trial. Ortopedia Traumatologia Rehabilitacja, 16(3), 319–325. doi:10.5604/15093492.1112533
Gbasemi S., Sadeghi H. (2020). What effect do different training enviroments have on femoral bone density in premenopausal women? Journal of advanced sport technology. 4(2):83- 92 Received: November. 5, 2020; Accepted: December, 4, 2020.
Armamento‐Villareal, R., Aguirre, L., Waters, D. L., Napoli, N., Qualls, C., & Villareal, D. T. (2019). Effect of Aerobic or Resistance Exercise, or Both, on Bone Mineral Density and Bone Metabolism in Obese Older Adults While Dieting: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. doi:10.1002/jbmr.3905
Aboarrage Junior, A. M., Teixeira, C. V. L. E., Santos, R. N., Machado, A. F., Evangelista, A. L., Rica, R. L., … Bocalini, D. S. (2018). A high-intensity jump-based aquatic exercise program improves bone mineral density and functional fitness in postmenopausal women. Rejuvenation Research. doi:10.1089/rej.2018.2069
Wochna K, Nowak A, Huta-Osiecka A, Sobczak K, Kasprzak Z, Leszczyński P. Bone Mineral Density and Bone Turnover Markers in Postmenopausal Women Subjected to an Aqua Fitness Training Program. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Jul 13; 16 (14):2505. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16142505. PMID: 31337049; PMCID: PMC6678096.
Watson, S.L., Weeks, B.K., Weis, L.J., Harding, A.T., Horan, S.A. and Beck, B.R. (2018), High-Intensity Resistance and Impact Training Improves Bone Mineral Density and Physical Function in Postmenopausal Women With Osteopenia and Osteoporosis: The LIFTMOR Randomized Controlled Trial. J Bone Miner Res, 33: 211-220. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.3284
Chien, K.-Y., Chang, W.-G., Sanders, M. E., Chen, C.-H., Wu, W.-C., & Chen, W.-C. (2019). Effects of Land vs. Water Jump Exercise: Implications for Exercise Design Targeting Bone Health. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. doi:10.1111/sms.13410
Stanghelle, B., Bentzen, H., Giangregorio, L., Pripp, A. H., Skelton, D., & Bergland, A. (2020). Effects of a resistance and balance exercise programme on physical fitness, health-related quality of life and fear of falling in older women with osteoporosis and vertebral fracture: a randomized controlled trial. Osteoporosis International. doi:10.1007/s00198-019-05256-4
Kemmler, W., von Stengel, S., & Kohl, M. (2016). Exercise frequency and bone mineral density development in exercising postmenopausal osteopenic women. Is there a critical dose of exercise for affecting bone? Results of the Erlangen Fitness and Osteoporosis Prevention Study. Bone, 89, 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2016.04.019
Kemmler W., Shojaa M., Kohl M., Stengel (2020). Effects of Different Types of Exercise on Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta‑analysis. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-020-00744-w
Fernandes Moreira LD, de Oliveira ML, Lirani-Galvão AP, Marin-Mio RV, dos Santos RN, Lazaretti-Castro M. Physical exercise and osteoporosis: effects of different types of exercises on bone and physical function of postmenopausal women. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2023 Apr 13];58(5):514–22. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/j/abem/a/fHhb6PgkgYsN5cZ8fwYQdjC/
Simas V, Hing W, Pope R, Climstein M. Effects of water-based exercise on bone health of middle-aged and older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Access J Sport Med [Internet]. 2017 Mar [cited 2023 Apr 13];Volume 8:39–60. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2147/OA
Calatayud J, Borreani S, Moya D, Colado JC, Travis Triplett N. Exercise to improve bone mineral density. Strength Cond J [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2023 Apr 13];35(5):70–4. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/nsca-scj/Fulltext/2013/10000/Exercise_to_Improve_Bone_Mineral_Density.13.aspx
Caputo EL, Costa MZ. Influence of physical activity on quality of life in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Rev Bras Reumatol [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2023 Apr 13];54(6):467–73. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/j/rbr/a/dYHCFWCxgW6s6tJVDNMKDjL/?lang=en&format=html
National Osteoporosis Guideline Group (NOGG). Clinical guideline for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. 2021;(September).